Frequency Modulation (Derivatives Estimate)

Frequency Modulation (Derivative Estimates)
 
Formal definition:
that is, FM is the angular component of squared time and frequency derivatives. This measure gives an absolute (unsigned) estimate of frequency modulation.



Frequency modulation is estimated based on time and frequency derivatives across frequencies. If the frequency derivatives are much higher than the time derivatives, we say that FM is low and visa versa. Visually, FM is an estimate of the (absolute) slope of frequency traces in reference to the horizontal line. Note: SAP2 calculates an absolute estimate of FM, but it is easy to change the definition to obtain signed FM.

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